Study About The Robinson Crusoe By Daniel Defoe:-
Daniel Defoe
published Robinson Crusoe in the year 1719. It is the first person
narrative of a fictionalized character who, after his initial
journeys to the sea and South America, finds himself washed up on the
shore of a deserted island near the mouth of the Oronoco river.
The story has been
perceived to be based on the life of Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish
castaway who lived for four years on the Pacific island called "Más
a Tierra", now part of Chile, which was renamed Robinson Crusoe
Island in 1966, but the time scale does not match.
Robinson Crusoe is a
youth of about eighteen years old who resides in Hull, England.
Although his father wishes him to become a lawyer, Crusoe dreams of
going on sea voyages. He disregards the fact that his two older
brothers are gone because of their need for adventure.
His father cautions
that a middle-class existence is the most stable. Robinson ignores
him. When his parents refuse to let him take at least one journey, he
runs away with a friend and secures free passage to London.
Misfortune begins immediately, in the form of rough weather. The ship
is forced to land at Yarmouth. When Crusoe's friend learns the
circumstances under which he left his family, he becomes angry and
tells him that he should have never come to the sea.
They part, and
Crusoe makes his way to London via land. He thinks briefly about
going home, but cannot stand to be humiliated. He manages to find
another voyage headed to Guiana. Once there, he wants to become a
trader. On the way, the ship is attacked by Turkish pirates, who
bring the crew and passengers into the Moorish port of Sallee.
Robinson is made a slave.
For two years he
plans an escape. An opportunity is presented when he is sent out with
two Moorish youths to go fishing. Crusoe throws one overboard, and
tells the other one, called Xury, that he may stay if he is faithful.
They anchor on what appears to be uninhabited land. Soon they see
that black people live there. These natives are very friendly to
Crusoe and Xury. At one point, the two see a Portuguese ship in the
distance. They manage to paddle after it and get the attention of
those on board. The captain is kind and says he will take them aboard
for free and bring them to Brazil.
Robinson goes to
Brazil and leaves Xury with the captain. The captain and a widow in
England are Crusoe's financial guardians. In the new country,
Robinson observes that much wealth comes from plantations. He
resolves to buy one for himself. After a few years, he has some
partners, and they are all doing very well financially. Crusoe is
presented with a new proposition: to begin a trading business. These
men want to trade slaves, and they want Robinson to be the master of
the tradepost. Although he knows he has enough money, Crusoe decides
to make the voyage. A terrible shipwreck occurs and Robinson is the
only survivor. He manages to make it to the shore of an island.
Robinson remains on
the island for twenty-seven years. He is able to take many provisions
from the ship. In that time, he recreates his English life, building
homes, necessities, learning how to cook, raise goats and crops. He
is at first very miserable, but embraces religion as a balm for his
unhappiness. He is able to convince himself that he lives a much
better life here than he did in Europe--much more simple, much less
wicked. He comes to appreciate his sovereignty over the entire
island. One time he tries to use a boat to explore the rest of the
island, but he is almost swept away, and does not make the attempt
again. He has pets whom he treats as subjects.
There is no
appearance of man until about 15 years into his stay. He sees a
footprint, and later observes cannibalistic savages eating prisoners.
They don't live on the island; they come in canoes from a mainland
not too far away. Robinson is filled with outrage, and resolves to
save the prisoners the next time these savages appear. Some years
later they return. Using his guns, Crusoe scares them away and saves
a young savage whom he names Friday.
Friday is extremely
grateful and becomes Robinson's devoted servant. He learns some
English and takes on the Christian religion. For some years the two
live happily. Then, another ship of savages arrives with three
prisoners. Together Crusoe and Friday are able to save two of them.
One is a Spaniard; the other is Friday's father. Their reunion is
very joyous. Both have come from the mainland close by. After a few
months, they leave to bring back the rest of the Spaniard's men.
Crusoe is happy that his island is being peopled. Before the Spaniard
and Friday's father can return, a boat of European men comes ashore.
There are three prisoners. While most of the men are exploring the
island, Crusoe learns from one that he is the captain of a ship whose
crew mutinied. Robinson says he will help them as long as they leave
the authority of the island in his hands, and as long as they promise
to take Friday and himself to England for free.
The agreement is
made. Together this little army manages to capture the rest of the
crew and retake the captain's ship. Friday and Robinson are taken to
England. Even though Crusoe has been gone thirty-five years, he finds
that his plantations have done well and he is very wealthy. He gives
money to the Portuguese captain and the widow who were so kind to
him. He returns to the English countryside and settles there,
marrying and having three children. When his wife dies, he once more
goes to the sea.
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