Old-Stone Mansion ( Wada Chirebandi ) by Mahesh Elkunchwar

Old-Stone Mansion ( Wada Chirebandi )

Mahesh Elkunchwar [born 9 October 1939] is an Indian playwright with more than 20 plays to his name, in addition to his theoretical writings, critical works, and his active work in India's Paeallel Cinema as actor and screenwriter. Today, along with Vijay tendulkarhe is one of the most influential and progressive playwrights not just in modern ,Marathi theater

but also larger modern Indian theater.

Old-Stone Mansion (1989) (Wada Chirebandi) is a family centered realistic play. The prominent women characters are Aai, Vahini, Prabha, Dadi and Ranju. 

These women characters show family attachment and community bonds prevailing in the Maharashtrian society. They display feminine sensibilities in their behavior. The objective of this research paper is to analyze the female characters in terms of their actions and behaviour.

The play, Wada Chirebandi, begins on the fifth day after the demise of Tatyaji (Venkatesh) the patriarch of the Deshpande family of Dharangaon.

Dharangaon is a small hamlet in the interiors of Maharashtra where the influences of commercial Bombay has slowly spread its tentacles. The play begins with Aai, the widow of Tatyaji, awaiting the arrival of her second son Sudhir and his wife Anjali from Bombay, to attend the 13th day rites.

In the meantime, the eldest son Bhaskar and his wife, Vahini, has taken over the reins of the family by taking charge of the two objects of command, the keys and the ancestral jewellery box. Been a traditional Brahmin family, Bhaskar intends to conduct the rituals in full traditional fanfare even when the family has fallen in difficult lines.

Bhaskar expects Sudhir to bear the expenses, as his image of someone from a big city is that of been financially well off, while Sudhir claims that he is just about making ends meet in his two room apartment in the outskirts of Bombay. Thus the first crack in the already crumbling household begin. Ranju & Parag, the fourth generation, feels the need of escaping from their Wada as they feel stifled in a time stuck place. The obvious destination is Bombay.

The split in the family widens when each start claiming their own. Ranju, with cinema in her head feels her private tutor can be a vehicle to reach Bombay. Parag, who has moved in wrong company, wants to change his ways in a faraway land. Prabha the sister of Bhaskar and Sudhir wants to further her higher studies as the fears she would end like other ladies in the Deshpande household.All this leads to further complicacies which highlights the plight of such traditional families which have stuck in time.

Mahesh Elkunchwar [born 9 October 1939] is an Indian playwright with more than 20 plays to his name, in addition to his theoretical writings, critical works, and his active work in India's Paeallel Cinema as actor and screenwriter. Today, along with Vijay tendulkarhe is one of the most influential and progressive playwrights not just in modern ,Marathi theater

but also larger modern Indian theater.

Old-Stone Mansion (1989) (Wada Chirebandi) is a family centered realistic play. The prominent women characters are  " Aai,  Vahini, Prabha, Dadi and Ranju". 

These women characters show family attachment and community bonds prevailing in the Maharashtrian society. They display feminine sensibilities in their behavior. The objective of this research paper is to analyze the female characters in terms of their actions and behaviour.

The play, Wada Chirebandi, begins on the fifth day after the demise of Tatyaji (Venkatesh) the patriarch of the Deshpande family of Dharangaon.

Dharangaon is a small hamlet in the interiors of Maharashtra where the influences of commercial Bombay has slowly spread its tentacles. The play begins with Aai, the widow of Tatyaji, awaiting the arrival of her second son Sudhir and his wife Anjali from Bombay, to attend the 13th day rites.

In the meantime, the eldest son Bhaskar and his wife, Vahini, has taken over the reins of the family by taking charge of the two objects of command, the keys and the ancestral jewellery box. Been a traditional Brahmin family, Bhaskar intends to conduct the rituals in full traditional fanfare even when the family has fallen in difficult lines.

Bhaskar expects Sudhir to bear the expenses, as his image of someone from a big city is that of been financially well off, while Sudhir claims that he is just about making ends meet in his two room apartment in the outskirts of Bombay. Thus the first crack in the already crumbling household begin. Ranju & Parag, the fourth generation, feels the need of escaping from their Wada as they feel stifled in a time stuck place. The obvious destination is Bombay.

The split in the family widens when each start claiming their own. Ranju, with cinema in her head feels her private tutor can be a vehicle to reach Bombay. Parag, who has moved in wrong company, wants to change his ways in a faraway land. Prabha the sister of Bhaskar and Sudhir wants to further her higher studies as the fears she would end like other ladies in the Deshpande household.All this leads to further complicacies which highlights the plight of such traditional families which have stuck in time.

“ As You Like It” by Shakespeare

As You Like It was first printed in the collected edition of Shakespeare's plays, during 1623.

Orlando, the youngest son of Sir Roland de Boys, is ill treated by his brother Oliver. When he responds to the general challenge issued by the Duke’s wrestler, Charles, Oliver tells Charles to injure Orlando if he can manage it. The Duke’s daughter, Celia, and her cousin, Rosalind, watch the match and Rosalind falls in love with Orlando. Orlando wins but the Duke gets angry when he discovers that Orlando is the son of his old enemy, Sir Roland de Boys. Rosalind gives Orlando a chain to wear and he falls in love with her.
The Duke unexpectedly banishes Rosalind and she decides to find her father, the real Duke, who has been overthrown by his brother, Celia’s father, Frederick. Duke Senior lives in the forest of Arden. Together with the court jester, Touchstone, the girls set out, disguised as a country boy, Ganymede, and his sister, Aliena. Co-incidentally, Orlando, fearing for his life, has also left home, accompanied by his father’s servant, Adam.
In the forest, the group from the court encounter a young shepherd, Silvius, and watch him being rejected by a shepherdess, Phoebe, as he declares his love for her. They meet an old shepherd, Corin, who is looking for someone to take over the sheep farm. Ganymede, who wants to settle in the forest, buys the lease.
At Last This Couple Mearrige with Each other .

Rosalind leaves with the disguised Celia, and the two soon return as themselves, accompanied by Hymen, the god of marriage. Hymen officiates at the ceremony and marries

1- Rosalind and Orlando

2- Celia and Oliver

3- Phoebe and Silvius

4- Audrey and Touchstone.

Now we can discusses about the theme of the novel:-

- Love : Love is the central theme of As You Like It, like other romantic

comedies of Shakespeare

- Usurpation and Injustice :- This is a significant theme of this play.

- Forgiveness :- This is a significant theme of this play. However, it ends happily with reconciliation and forgiveness.

- Court life and country life

- Religious allegory

- Music and songs : As You Like It is known as a musical comedy because of the number of songs in the play.

- Pastoral comedy

-In this play As you like it Shakespeare use the language ' Prose '

The God of small things - Arundhati Roy

The God of Small Things – Arundhati Roy

 

[ Booker winning prize ]

Introduction about author and booker prize : 

The God of Small Things” is a novel written by the famous write Arundhati Roy. This was her first novel and has won the Booker prize in London 1997. This novel depicts about the childhood experiences of fraternal twins, whose lives were destroyed by the Love Laws, wherein it speaks about who should be loved and in what proportion. The novel depicts of how small things in life, affect people’s lives and behavior.

 

Arundhati Roy was awarded the 1997 Booker Prize for her novel The God of Small Things. The award carried a prize of about US$30,000 and a citation that noted, "The book keeps all the promises that it makes".Prior to this, she won the National Film Award for Best Screenplay in 1989, for the screenplay of In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones, in which she captured the anguish among the students prevailing in professional institutions.In 2015, she returned the national award in protest against religious intolerance and the growing violence by rightwing groups in India.

In 2002, she won the Lannan Foundation's Cultural Freedom Award for her work "about civil societies that are adversely affected by the world's most powerful governments and corporations", in order "to celebrate her life and her ongoing work in the struggle for freedom, justice and cultural diversity".

In 2003, she was awarded "special recognition" as a Woman of Peace at the Global Exchange Human Rights Awards in San Francisco with Bianca Jagger, Barbara Lee, and Kathy Kelly.

Roy was awarded the Sydney Peace Prize in May 2004 for her work in social campaigns and her advocacy of non-violence.

In January 2006, she was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award, a national award from India's Academy of Letters, for her collection of essays on contemporary issues, The Algebra of Infinite Justice, but she declined to accept it "in protest against the Indian Government toeing the US line by 'violently and ruthlessly pursuing policies of brutalisation of industrial workers, increasing militarisation and economic neo-liberalisation'".

In November 2011, she was awarded the Norman Mailer Prize for Distinguished Writing.

About Novel : -

The story begins twenty-three years after the main events which will be covered by the novel, with flashbacks to that earlier period which culminated in the funeral of Sophie Mol. References to the Orangedrink Lemondrink Man and the death of Sophie Mol will be explained later in the novel.

The novel presents three generations of women.  It can be called the story of sufferings of Baby Kochamma, Mammachi, Ammu and Rahel.  They all suffer in different ways.  In a country like India where patriarchal system is very strong, women suffer mentally, physically and sexually.
The story revolves in a small town named Ayemenem, now a part of Kottayam in Kerala. The story speaks about two fraternal twins Rahel and Estha from their age of 7 in 1969 till they reunite when they turn to be 31 in 1993. Most of the story is written at the viewpoint of the seven year olds. In this novel, she has captured the caste system, communism and the Syrian Christian life in Kerala.
The novel begins with the story of a lady who desperately wants to get away from her ill-tempered father and finally she gets away to stay with her aunt in Calcutta and there she marries a man, who assists in the tea estate. But her marriage was unsuccessful and she returns home with her twin children, Estha and Rahel . On her return, apart from her mother and brother, they have their aunt who is her father’s sister staying with them. Ammu`s brother gets married to an English women whom he fell in love with at college and they have a daughter named Sophie. The novel revolves around these characters and the life they live and disaster that follow in their lives.

The Mill on the Floss By George Eliot : -

The Mill on the Floss By George Eliot : -



The Mill on the Floss is George Eliot  this novel, Eliot had published a book of short stories, the excitingly titled Scenes From a Clerical Life, and the novel Adam Bede. The Mill on the Floss was very successful and helped George Eliot achieve even greater fame.



The Mill on the Floss is George Eliot's second novel and her most autobiographical work of fiction. It tells the story of Maggie Tulliver, detailing her relationship with her brother Tom and her inability to conform to the rigidly traditional society in which she lives. Commentary on The Mill on the Floss has focused on its conclusion—which many critics consider abrupt—and on its complex characterizations and sociological insights.



In its portrayal of the childhood, adolescence, and young womanhood of Maggie Tulliver, The Mill on the Floss is closely identified with Eliot herself—intellectually gifted, impulsive and passionate by nature, and living in a familial and social setting that did not value these qualities in her. In particular, her focus on her protagonist's relationship with a beloved but tyrannical and disapproving older brother closely mirrors Eliot's own relationship with her brother: Maggie and Tom Tulliver are given the same birthdates as Eliot and her brother, who for twenty years spurned Eliot while she lived with the married philosopher and essayist George Henry Lewes. It was not until Lewes died and Eliot married that the rift with her brother was mended. Maggie's need for Tom's love and acceptance has often been compared to Eliot's desire for her brother's acceptance; Barbara Hardy asserts: "As she dwells on the relationship between a brother and sister we can discern an understandable and undisfiguring nostalgia; a need to explain and justify in concretely imagined terms; and the falsifying pressures of a wish-fulfilling reconciliation."



Plot and Major Characters about book



Written in seven books, The Mill on the Floss chronicles Maggie and Tom Tulliver's lives from childhood to young adulthood. Books I and II concentrate on Maggie's childhood, establishing her impulsive temperament and her dependence on Tom. Eliot recounts several episodes between brother and sister, and, as John Hagan has noted, "in nearly every one … there emerges a sequence of actions which dramatizes Maggie's hunger for Tom's love, the frustration of that hunger, her rebellion, and the pleasure she receives from reconciliation." This section has been described as one of the most sympathetic and psychologically acute literary portrayals of girlhood in English literature. In the following books, the Tulliver family becomes impoverished and Maggie grows increasingly estranged from her father and brother. She becomes involved with the son of the man who bankrupted her father, and is also attracted to another man who is engaged to marry her cousin. On learning of these relationships, Tom turns Maggie out of his house and refuses to speak to her. Maggie's subsequent life is spent in service as a governess and in struggle with temptation and self-renunciation. As George Levine has noted, she ultimately submits herself "to the higher responsibility despite the loss of the possibility of self-fulfillment." Just as she offers up a prayer to the "Unseen Pity," the river begins to rise, and she sees Tom being swept away by the flood. Maggie rushes to Tom's rescue, and they drown in each other's arms, fulfilling the novel's epitaph, "In death they were not divided."



Major Themes of the book:



Critics assert that Maggie's need for love and acceptance is her underlying motivation throughout The Mill on the Floss, and the conflicts that arise in the novel often stem from her frustrated attempts at gaining this acceptance. Alan Bellringer has commented, "The two main themes of the novel, growing up and falling in love, lend themselves to amusement, but it is stunted growth and frustrated love that are emphasized." Commentators have often focused on the constant rejection of Maggie's talents and mannerisms by her family and society. Even the cultural norms of her community deny her intellectual and spiritual growth, according to Elizabeth Ermarth, "They are norms according to which she is an inferior, dependent creature who will never go far in anything, and which consequently are a denial of her full humanity."



Critical Reception of the book :
Commentators have varied in their analyses of The Mill on the Floss. Many critics concur with U. C. Knoepflmacher's assessment of the novel's conclusion as "at best pathetic, for it asks us to believe that the muddy waters of the Floss have briefly restored an Eden that never existed," but others defend the ending as appropriate and inevitable, consistent with the details of the plot and the novel's themes. The autobiographical nature of The Mill on the Floss has been deemed aesthetically damaging by some critics because, they charge, it led Eliot to place disproportionate emphasis on the first two books. However, Bernard J. Paris contends "that the novel's weaknesses are closely related to its strengths, for if George Eliot had not been so intimately identified with Maggie she could hardly have given us a portrait of such subtlety and interest." Critics consistently praise Eliot's touching portrayal of Maggie Tulliver's childhood; the novelist Henry James stated in an early review of the novel, "English novels abound in pictures of childhood; but I know of none more truthful and touching than the early pages of this work."

Charlie and the choclate factory

Charlie and the chocolate factory



Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is a 1964 children book by British author Rolad Dahl. The story features the adventures of young charlie Bucket inside the choclate factory of eccentric chocolatier Willy Wonka .
In this book so many characters are there like :
- [Charlie Bucket, Willy wonka , The oompa – loompas , GrandpaJoe , Augustus gloop , Veruca salt,
Violet Beauregrade, Mike Teavee , Mr. Bucket, Mrs Bucket , Grandma Josephine , Grandpa
Ggeorge , Grandma Georgina.]



About Story :



Charlie, a young boy from an impoverished family, and four other kids win a tour of an amazing chocolate factory run by an imaginative chocolate, Willy Wonka, and his staff of Oompa-Loompas.
“Charlie and the Chocolate Factory” represents a fun children novel with many modern fairytale characteristics. There are many surreal elements in this book and as in any other fairytale nobility and kindness are rewarded.
In the center of the story are Charlie and 4 other kids who represent the worse human flaws. Veruca Salt is a spoiled rich girl whose parents make her every wish come true. August Gloop is an obese boy that eats everything and that almost cost him his life because he nearly drowned in chocolate. Mike is a boy who always watches TV.
The complete opposite is Charlie whose family is barely making a living but they always manage to surprise him for his birthday.

It's the story of an ordinary boy named Charlie Bucket. He was no stronger or faster than anyone else, his family was not rich, powerful or well connected but he was the luckiest boy in the entire world, he just didn't know it yet.

15 years ago, Willy Wonka opened the largest chocolate factory in the world but spies stole his recipes so he closed the factory. It didn't close forever though, and suddenly he decided to allow 5 children to visit the factory and one of them will win a special prize at the end.

The children have to find one of the five golden tickets hidden beneath the ordinary wrapping paper of five ordinary Wonka bars. So, Augustus Gloop (a German chocoholic), Verruca Salt (a spoilt English brat), Violet Beauregarde (junior bubblegum champion), Mike Teavee (who hates chocolate) and Charlie Bucket (the luckiest boy in the entire world) win tickets and visit the factory.

"Accidents" happen while on the guided tour. The greedy Augustus falls in the chocolate lake and gets accidentally sucked up and taken away to the room where they make the most delicious kind of strawberry flavoured chocolate coated fudge.

Violet, ignoring Wonka's advice, tries some of his three course dinner gum and swells up like a blueberry. Verruca tries to grab a squirrel and ends up falling down the garbage chute in the direction of the incinerator Mike tries to use Wonka's chocolate teleport machine and ends up shrunk to about 6 inches high.

Charlie wins the prize - it's Willy Wonka's factory. Charlie would have to move the factory and never see his family again. He declines Wonka's offer. However, after Wonka is encouraged to make contact with his estranged father, he realises how important family can be, so he invites Charlie's entire family to move into the factory together.

so, The moral of the story is that kindness always wins. The reader sees the main problems of the modern society such as unhealthy eating and people becoming couch potatoes. As any other fairytale, this one also has a happy ending.

Virginia woolf novel ," To the lighthouse"

Respected sir,
As we studies about modernist literature in styles of writing are different and here best example of Virginia Woolf novel “To the Lighthouse” and we see that her personal life and how feminist ideas in the novel
1 ) As we know that novel deals with the complexity of human relations in life. To ascribe the complexity of everyday life, she uses the narrative technique which is called " Stream Of Consciousness."   Using such psychological aspect for narration she makes her characters more complex because thoughts never have sequences.  She describes the fragmentation of each thing. like.... Thoughts, emotions and feelings. Though such kinds of feelings are formal for human beings, it creates inner turmoil in common people life. In novel external plot is not much necessary  or the events which is described by Woolf quite unimportant. It is the impression that they make on the minds of various characters  that counts. In novel, we find the various way of perceiving the process of life and all are suffering from inner turmoil to find answers without saying to others.
  Virginia tries to showcase them with the help of some characters like Mrs.Ramsay and Lily Briscoe. In novel narrative techniques stream of consciousness and how women are center in novel. It may be that lily is free women and what does know of art? Why she paint to Mrs. Ramsay painting? And how biography of Woolf in see that her family member, brother, sister leave together and    she is free whatever she do that in her life. And here we that one of lily work of art and relations of society itself in this novel. We see that Mrs. Ramsay take care and love of family member, conscious desire, relationships, unfulfilled feeling in novel.
2) Yes I agree with the comment that the novel is both tribute and the critic of the character of Mrs Ramsay. Firstly the painting which is painted by Lily Briscoe is in reality character portrayed by Virginia Woolf, by creating such character she give tribute to Mrs Ramsay. By painting Lily immortalize her it is not less than tribute. But with the second point which says that in a way Mrs Ramsay is helping to perpetuate the patriarchy in society, for example her treatment to her girl child and boy child are different in a way it helps patriarchy for its continuation. In Lily’s point of view she is suffering in life where she is, but still she wants others to live like her
Yes in my opinion she is the perfect example of typical Indian woman as prescribed in Hindu scriptures, ‘Lighthouse’ symbolized the character of Mrs. Ramsay because she is a good wife and mother. She takes care of every person in house. Ramsay’s family is a naturally very joyful but when Mrs. Ramsay was not present at that time all family members miss a lot. Lily Briscoe painting is also a symbol in ‘To the Lighthouse’.
3) yes Light house symbolize both the female Mrs Ramsay and Lily Briscoe as Virginia Woolf , as both struggles a lot in the society. As character of Mrs Ramsay lights others life by making other happy even guide people, she worked as light in the life of Mr Ramsay whenever he felt need of that. The statement that women can’t paint and woman can’t write’ are applicable to both. Lily and Virginia the completion of both the painting as well as the work To the light house is the symbol victory against patriarchy.

5)  A “ To the Lightouse” is same as A ‘Kunstlerroman’ novel.  In “ Kinstlerroman”  describes development or a struggle of an artist here  in ‘To the Lighthouse’ Lily’s character and the novel, it self is a struggle of an artist!. It also deals with ‘arrogant rejection of the commonplace life’, in this novel the character of Lily makes it ‘Kunstlerroman’ novel

9) “To the Lighthouse “ is symbolic and in novel many characters represented by symbols , Mrs Ramsay is always preserver something in her life. Her own types of personality is denoted by her son and her daughter. Her order and no any argument she works of James and her daughter . James but down to Refrigerator painting, not he likely that he cut down but Mrs Ramsay order. In Novel, Mrs Ramsay alwaus preservation somthings and caring of family member itself. It means that Mrs Ramsay has ‘Refrigerator’ as preservaes of culture, religious, household work, traditions and life style of them. It means that Mrs Ramsay charactgers have prevention of her and other. In novel wrote at that time technology came and it mrans woolf use symbol of refrigerator. Hjere instrument of scicence and occupied of same sphere as technology and war in linked that science and tech. has this war effect of novel and war and consumptions are liked in the same object. So we see that war and refrigerator has symbols and refrigerator is Mrs Ransay. Was images is bold, death and fight but may be in this novle.

Short Modernist poems

Here are some interesting short poems.

Let us analyse and identify  modernist metaphors/symbols/images from the given poems:-

1.) ‘The Embankment‘- T. E. Hulme

London's Embankment,well known for homeless people , 'A fallen-gentelman' reflects on his past. 'Finesse of fiddles' suggesting musical gathering and beautiful of women , give the flash of gold heels on the hard pavement. This is very kind of poem ,written in England few years before and many poem had written about 'Fallen gentelman'.This poem end with a heartfelt entreaty to the heaven with the poems speakers god to make a blanket of the starrysky so that the speakers wish for warmth might've granted.The internal rhyme of the poem Cold , Gold , old , Fold star is the only seen in the night and connected with the light.star -eaten as breathing a new life and warm in life less.

2.) "Darkness" - Joseph Campbell
     
  Joseph Campbell poem 'Darkness' talk about the darkness in the night and tells the importance of the star in the  dark sky . " Star " is the remove the darkness . without star skyvis totally dark and not beautiful when star is not there. Star is the also symbol of the 'Fall' .

3.) 'Image' - Edward Storer

The ' Frosken lovers ' are burning with isolation.This poem reflects the disillusionment and the brokenness of civilization especially after the World war.Frosken means to leave . In this poem ' Frosken lovers burning ' its means love is destroyed in burning and they prayers of loneliness and drought.

4.) "In a station of the Metro" - Ezra Pound

This poem is imagist poem. This poem Imagism focus on economy of language, precision of imagery , metro itself a symbol of modern world. The application of these faces in the crowd, petals on a wet , black bough. Rhymic quality is the very long and lambic , petals on a wet black bough , have alrady fallen on to the forest floor.Here crowd represent the people and bough it means branch of tree. They represent the our society and our culture.

5.) 'The Pool' - Hilda Doolittle

    In this poem someone is almost dead in pool. when we listen pool word on that time always in our mind meaning came it is swimming pool and other one is water storage , but here connected with 'sea fish ' as same thing in the weastland we discusses about the artificial city of london.

6.) "Insouciance" – Richard Aldington

In the poem so many images are there ' Dreary trenches ' is one of the images in this poem . And Deary trenches means  "Darkhole". Even another words like " Trudging " which is represent the images of person who has to work slowly. " cheerily" is also one words. In this poem poet face the so many ups and down in their life but " dreary tranches "word he is use in poetry as a metaphors  for a ups and down in his life.

7.) Morning at the Window - T. S. Eliot

In this poem we can find images of “dullness” and “dead spirit”. Here we  can refer  the first part “the burial of dead” of T.S Eliot’s “The Wasteland” in this poem also we can find negativity all around. In this part Eliot used the image of “dull roots”, “snow” and “a heap of broken images”.

8.) The Red Wheelbarrow -William Carlos Williams

William in this poem uses the few words and descriptive terms to created an image.There are red wheelbarrows glazed with rain water beside white chicken for all of us . The white chicken maybe try to hide from rain and wheel is also beside that have chicken.Red wheel and white chicken that is all symbol.in this poem poet try to say through is poetry about human being .

9.) Anecdote of the Jar- Wallace Stevens

Anecdote of the jar is an imagist poem in which Stevens explores  the question of the superiority between are and nature. This poem telling us incident in the past. The jar is and art object made by human being artistic jar is the symbole of the human genration. jar as a symbole of the imagination. Here poet discuss , about the state " Tennessee" In the USA . In this poet placed a jar on the hill. Stevens central concerns in his poetry is the treatment of the 'problem' of reality versus imagination .

10.) ‘l (a‘- E. E. Cummings

l(a

le
af
fa
ll

s)
one
l

iness

Here we can find the title is that " A life falls on loneliness ". There is on words like ' Fall ' which represent the state of dullness . Here we can see leaf fall from the tree but after fallen leaf become lonely and even loneliness it means saration.